Developing Detox Products

There is a state of confusion among consumers as to what detoxification is and how dietary supplements may support this important function in the body. To a consumer, a detoxification product may be a formula that “flushes all the toxins” out of the body. This may appear to be a good thing; but, consumers are normally not aware that ingredients that have laxative or diuretic effects may be harmful to their health. Long-term use carries the risk that the colon may become dependent, in addition to a potential loss of electrolytes.

Product formulators may think a detox product is one that supports the liver because the liver is where detoxification starts; others may try to provide a product that flushes out toxins and supports the liver. Exaggerated claims are common in this category, stating a particular detoxification product will help consumers lose weight, or heal and regenerate cells. However, there are no known single ingredients or formulas scientifically shown to support all of these functions at once.

Before starting product development, formulators must investigate both the scientific literature and the physiology of the targeted body system. Detoxification is a process whereby toxins and carcinogens from the environment are removed from the body using two distinct pathways. Understanding the interconnected roles of the two detoxification pathways can assist in further evaluating appropriate, well-substantiated ingredients.

The phase I pathway involves enzyme reactions, which includes oxidation of free radicals. The use of antioxidants is appropriate in supporting phase I detoxification, since the goal is to help neutralize the numerous free radicals. One of the body’s powerful lines of defense includes the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase. Nutrients that promote and enhance these enzymes’ activity include vitamins C and E, copper, selenium, zinc, manganese, coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and, not surprisingly, glutathione. The phase II pathway involves conjugations where the body actually converts harmful elements into conjugated compounds (combined to form a complex). The body takes these toxic compounds and makes them more soluble in water to be excreted. The glucuronidation pathway in phase II detoxification involves a carcinogen or toxin binding to glucuronic acid, which is then oxidized to produce D-glucaric acid (GA), D-glucaro-1, 4-lactone (GL) and D-glucaro-6, 3-lactone. Calcium D-glucarate and potassium/hydrogen glucarate are look-alike compounds to glucuronic acid and have been shown to support phase II detoxification conjugation reactions. Glucarate has been shown to conjugate to toxins and help remove them from the body; there is some clinical work, but the bulk of research has been done in animals.

Supporting Players

In addition to investigating compounds with targeted benefits for phase I or phase II detoxification, formulators can also investigate other beneficial compounds. Milk thistle, for example, has been used for centuries to support liver function and has superb antioxidant properties. Studies show milk thistle extract has the ability to block toxins from entering liver cells. Reviewing the clinical research may help determine an effective dose, emphasizing efficacious levels of the active compound silymarin.

Burdock root is another botanical used in detox formulas, having been used traditionally for gastrointestinal (GI) problems. Animal research shows burdock root may improve liver damage; however, there are no human studies to support its effects. It does contain a range of valuable phytochemicals including carotenoids, polyphenols, isoflavones and triterpenes that may contribute antioxidant benefits and cellular protection.

Yellow dock is believed to assist with the production of bile, although research is lacking, and has a mild laxative effect. Bupleurum is another botanical that doesn’t have a lot of research, but has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine to support liver health.

Senna and Cascara sagrada are herbs widely used for laxative purposes, which some formulators would consider “detoxifying” ingredients; but, moderation is key. Serving size, daily servings and duration of use should be investigated and called out on the label, along with warnings about the risk of diarrhea, bloating or flatulence. In addition, the colon may become dependent on products that stimulate and promote intestinal peristalsis, making duration of use language critical. These products should not be taken with prescription drugs or other supplements since they may increase the speed of chyme (broken down food particles) moving through the GI tract, reducing their absorption.

Other ingredients commonly used in detoxification or laxative products are sources of insoluble and soluble fiber. Fiber deserves great consideration because of all of its benefits and the general lack of fiber in the American diet. However, fiber also reduces transit time in the gut, so other ingredients combined with it may not get absorbed properly, making dosage and label warnings appropriate. Further, individuals who have illnesses, with or without liver disorders, may have problems detoxifying the body. Detoxification dietary supplements should be marketed toward healthy individuals. Those with illnesses, especially liver conditions, should not take any products without an approval from their health care provider. California requires labels of products that contain laxative-type ingredients to include a warning about taking them if one is pregnant, nursing, has a medical condition, or is presently taking prescription medications. It also must include a warning about possible occurrences of diarrhea, abdominal pain or loose stool. Providing a detoxification product for consumers can be quite useful if it truly supports the liver and the detoxification pathways. We have a responsibility as an industry to properly educate consumers about the research supporting compounds that help the body’s detoxification processes.

Judi Quilici-Timmcke, M.S., is the president of Q-Tech Services Inc. (www.JudiQ.com) and a product formulator in the dietary supplement industry. She holds a master’s in dietetics/exercise physiology. Quilici-Timmcke worked previously as vice president of product development and research for Weider Nutrition - Specialty Market, was head of product development for Rexall Showcase, and worked for Amrion.